A few geographical names

Dresden: Fagurborg við Saxelfur (German Elbflorens)

Sahara Desert:
1) Sandheimur: A logical designation for earth's largest desert.
2) Þurrgarðr: The second element 'garður' is used in the old meaning of "world" (Ásgarður, Miðgarður), because of the magnitude of the desert in comparison to other deserts.

Sahel: (Semi-arid belt forming the southern border of the Sahara Desert. The Arabic word sahil literally means "shore, coast", describing the appearance of the vegetation of the Sahel as a coastline delimiting the sand of the Sahara. )
1) Sandheimshvörf (turning point or transitional region (hvörf) bordering the Sahara desert
2) Þurrgarðsþröskuldur (The "threshold" of Sahara)

Lybian desert: Sandheimur fyrir vestan Kóngafljót (The name of the Sahara west of the Nile)

Hudson Bay: Vestrasalt (The Hudson bay, Baltic and Sea of Ochotsk are the ONLY three large landlocked watermasses situated on the same degree of latitude in America, Europe and Asia respectively. For that reason, I though of calling the Hudson Bay, Vestrasalt. If you check the world map, it should seem a logical designation.

Pinsk Marshes (Pripjat Marshes): Pineskjumýrar (The Icelandic name is 'Pripetmýrar', but it predominantly named after the city of Pinsk, judging from the English wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk_Marshes?oldid=cur and this name can easily be Icelandicized: Russian names of Cities ending in -sk have the ending -eskja in Old Icelandic literature: Smolensk (Smáleskja), Polotsk (Pallteskja). Analoguous to these formations Pinsk becomes Pineskja and the Pinsk Marshes 'Pineskjumýrar'.

Sea of Ochotsk: Jakteskjusalt (The name of the Sea is derived from the city-name Ochotsk, a settlement at the coast of this marginal sea, which is in its turn derived from the name of the River Ochota, which means 'Hunting' in Russian. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhota_River . Surprisingly, the Russian word has the same sequence of consonants as German equivalent Jagd, and I'm strongly under the suspicion that we're dealing with a borrowing from German (Russian abounds with germanisms). Unfortunately, I have no Russian etymological dictionary at my disposal to find out. But this isn't necessary, because we can adapt the first part by the Icelandic germanisms jakt- or jagt. The latter part of the name can be constructed in the same way as the Old Icelandic exonym Pallteskja (as the city of Polotsk in the Ukraine was named by the Varangian vikings). So the last part of Ochotsk, -otsk, becomes -teskja. The 'o's' in the names Smolensk and Polotsk all became 'a' or 'á': (Pallteskja, Smáleskja) and this is a coincidential convenience if we want to use the Icelandic germanism 'jakt' or 'jagd' as the first element. The full result is Jakteskja. I think Jakteskja is the right adaptation of Ochotsk based upon the example Polotsk - Pallteskja.
As for the reason why I used salt as the last element instead of 'sjór' or 'haf': This is because the Sea of Ochotsk is the true far east counterpart of the Baltic, Eystrasalt. This Old Icelandic toponym is the only one in which salt is used in this meaning. If you look on the world map, it's easy to notice that the Sea of Ochotsk is landlocked by the peninsula of Kamtchatka (Kambtjöðkuskagi) and the Asian continent at the Northeasternmost part of Eurasia in the same way as the Baltic is landlocked by the European continent and the Scandinavian peninsula at the Eurasian Northwesternmost. An additional reason is the fact that both watermasses lie on the same degree of latitude. This ensures me of the validity of the neoexonym Jakteskjusalt as the Icelandic name for the Sea of Okhotsk.

Sakhalin: Ámár-Eyland (The name Amur means 'black river' (Manchurian: Sahaliyan Ula (Black river), Mongolian: Хар Мөрөн; Har Mörön (black river), Chinese: Heilong Jiang (Black Dragon River). The European name Sakhalin derive from misinterpretation of a Manchu name sahaliyan ula angga hada (peak/craggy rock at the mouth of the Amur River). So it makes sense to call the island after the Amur River, whose estuary is only narrowly seperated from the island. In order to create a phono-semantic match, I made use of the Old Icelandic adjective Ámur (dark) as the first element in the Icelandic equivalent of the river's name . The addition Eyland is a reference to the Swedish Öland, the oblong coastal island in the Baltic, which is like Sakhalin, only narrowly seperated from the Swedish coast. With regard to similarities in landmass-shapes, Öland in the Baltic is the western counterpart of Sakhalin in the Sea of Ochotsk.

Severnaja Zemlya: Austurheims-Svalbarði (same degree of latitude as Spitsbergen (Icelandic Svalbarði) but situated in Asia (Icelandic: Austurheimur).

Tisza (tributary of the River Danube): Þís (Adaptation of the German name Theiss (compare weiss-/ hvít-, eis - ís)

Eureka - Erkihúrra! (Archhurrah!)

The first element in the name of Archimedes, Arch is identical to the Icelandic prefix erki- so I combined it with the exclamation húrra (hurrah) to create an alternative for the Archimedean exclamation 'Heureka', meaning 'I've found it! Erkihúrra consist of a hellenism (Erki-) and a germanism (húrra), but the compound is purely uninternational. However it is possible to form an English loan-translation: Archhurrah! A weird sequence of characters don't you think?

One of my heroes

Aubrey de Grey (Greyinga-Álfrekur), aðalvísindafulltrúi (chief scientific officer) Metaldursáastofnunarinnar (of the Methusalah foundation). If this man succeeds in putting his plan into practice, he will be the greatest scientist ever.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgLRhxvRlKg
http://sens.org/

Greyinga-Álfrekur: Aubrey de Grey (The surname de Grey is of Norman origin and derives from a place-name. The name of the family then becomes Greyingar, which I prepositioned as in the constructions Hrafna-Flóki or Göngu-Hrólfur. I do realize that this prepositioning of genitive plural forms of foreign surnames is bold and radical a construction but the problem was that it solved the problem one encounters when postpositioning it: Álfrekur Greyingaættarinnar?, Álfrekur frá Greyi (too international!)?, Álfrekur af Greyingaætt?. The only true Icelandic solution is to construct foreign names in the same way as "Hrafna-Flóki" or "Göngu-Hrólfur" are formed: Genitive plural of a nick-name, a word or surname followed by the Icelandicized foreign personal name: Greyinga-Álfrekur.
The personal name Aubrey derives from Alberich and consists of alf "elf" and ric "power". Alberich was the name of the sorcerer king of the dwarfs in Germanic mythology. The Heimskringla mentions the form Álfrekur, instead of the possible variants Elfríkur, Elfrekur and Álfríkur: "Það skal eg segja yður, Álfrekur riddari, þegar tíminn til endurgjaldsins kemur.
Methusalah: Metaldursái, Margaldafaðir, Metöldrungur, Margöldungur
(Margaldafaðir is a alternative descriptive name for this biblical figure consisting of met (record) + aldur (age, gen. aldurs-) + faðir (father) or met + aldur + ungur, metöldrungur)
Methusalah Generation (film): Metaldursáakynslóð, Metöldrungskynslóð, Margöldungskynslóð
http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/structurefilms/the-methuselah-generation-the-science-of-living-fo
Metusalah foundation: Metaldursáastofnun
http://www.mprize.org/
Methusalah Mouse Prize, MPrize: Metaldursmúsarverðlaun
rejuvenation biotechnologies, rejuveneering: aföldrunarlækningar, uppyngingarlíftækni
preventative geriatrics: forvarnaröldrunarlækningar

various neologisms

Balearic islands: Skipshöfðaeyjar (THE Balearic Islands are attached to the mainland of Spain at Cabo de la nao (ship's cape, skipshöfði) by a submarine plateau. An alternative name for the Balearic islands could be 'Skipshöfðaeyjar', like the Cape Verde islands in West Africa were named after Cape Verde, the westernmost point on the African continent.)
Portugal: Andlitsland, Andlitsströnd (Andlitsland liggur við Aftanshafið (German Abendmeer, Atlantische Ozean: Google "Kurzgefasstes vollständiges" and "Abendmeer")
Nefland (because Lisboa, the Capital is situated in the "Nose" of Portugal or the Iberian Peninsula as a whole. The word 'nose' can be regarded as a toponymical element denoting the westernmost part of a head-shaped landmass, which is the Iberian peninsula)
Portuguese: Andlitlendingur, andliska, andliskur/Neflendingur, neflenska, neflenskur
Brazilian Portuguese (language): Bríslenska
Douro: Dofrá (The name of the British city of Dover (Icelandicized as Dofrar (Íslensk Orðabók, 1992)) is derived from the Celtic river-name Dour and has the same origin as the Portugese Douro, a name presumably given by the Celtic tribes that inhabited the area before Roman times. The Celtic root is *dubro- (Modern Welsh dwr "water" and its Irish cognate dobhar. This means that the truly Icelandicized name of the Poruguese river becomes Dofrá.
Porto (City of Porto): Dofrárhöfn (Douro-port)
Port (wine): Dofrárveig (The vineyards where the Port grapes are grown are situated along the banks of the River Douro, so the river can be used to refer to the wine, if fact to a greater extent than the city-name Porto).
Algarve: Hökuhérað (The "chin" of the face of the Iberian penisula. The anatomical term "chin" could be applied toponymically when refering to a "southwesternmost point of land". If you take a look at the profile of a human head, that's exactly the position of the chin.)
Iberian penisula:
1) Anddlitsskagi
2) Nefskagi (Refers to the face-shape of the Western coast-line of the peninsula but also to the idea of "westernmost land". The position of a nose and face on the profile of a human head points to the western- or Easternmost part of a land-mass and applies to the Iberian penisula, which was considered as the Westenmost region in antiquity)
3) hökuskagi (referring to the "chin", the southwesternmost point on the peninsula but also to the fact that the whole peninsula itself is the southwesternmost part of Europe)
Pyrenees: Skagaskilsfjöll (The natural wall of the Iberian peninsula)
Ebro: Íberafljót (the word Iberian and Ebro have the same origin. Íberafljót = river of the Iberians)
Galicia: Ennisland (see Not only does Javier Bardem show a different side of himself in the 2002 feature Mondays in the Sun, so does Spain. This comedy/drama is shot in Galicia, the forehead of the "face" of the Iberian peninsula, ... http://www.metroactive.com/metro/11.05.08/dvd-mondays-0845.html
Tagus (River): Naselfur, Nefá (The River running into the Atlantic at the 'Nose of Portugal')
Lisboa: Nefós, Nasarhöfn (The River at the nostril or nose of the Iberian penisula), Nasós (nostril-estuary)
Basque: Bugtverji
Sevilla lowlands: Kverkflóaslétta, Kverkslétta (The use of "chin" (haka) as a toponymic element denoting the southwesternmost point on the head-shaped Iberian peninsula (Algarve region) can be extrapolated further by calling the gulf of Cadiz "kverk(a)flói". The Íslensk Orðabók mentions for 'kverk' (in the singular form): hornið milli höku og háls, hakan neðanverð. "Kverk" as a toponymic element then stands for a region "situated slightly east from the southwesternmost chin-like point on a head-like landmass (chin)). The Spanish lowlands at the gulf of Cadiz could be called kverkslétta or Niðurspánn (because it is the only lowland in Spain to any significant extent). The city of Sevilla could then translate as Kverksléttaborg or Niðurspánarborg, the Guadalquivir river is the Kverkelfur or Niðurspánarelfur, the Guadalquivir marshes are the Kverkelfarmýrar or Niðurspánarmýrar and Cadiz Kverknes.
Trafalgar: Njörvahvarf (because it is the Northvesternmost point of the strait of Gibraltar and Hvarf has existed as a designation of the Nordwestermost point of Scotland, Cape Wrath,
Cape spartel (Morocco): Serkjanjörvahvarf (the westernmost cape in the strait of Gibraltar on the african continent)
Balkan: Bálkn (Balkan can be easily icelandiczed: bálkn, which sounds like the neuter nouns gálkn and hólkn.)
Richard the Lionheart: Gramdýrsnegg-Ríkarður
Sacred College: Kjörguðsjarlar (College of cardinals who elect the pope)
Sulphur: synonyms for 'brennisteinn': vítisgula, Surtshallur
Neanderthal man: Nefmaðurinn ("The skulls of Neanderthals, a hominid species that lived contemporaneously with modern humans until 30.000 years ago, have much more robust feature than do modern humans and have the LARGEST NOSES of any hominin species, living or extinct." excerpt from "Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face" by Margo DeMello) See also: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41074946/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/neanderthal-nose-enigma-why-so-big/
antioxidant: holdryðvarnarefni (andoxunarefni contains the loan-word 'oxun')
Psiloriti mountains: Seifseyjarfjöll (the mountain-range on the birth-island of Zeus)
Evangelista (Italian masculine name): Erindis-Helgi
Trabzon (Turkish port): Trafshöfn (Earlier name: Trapezus)
Sadducees (Jewish sect): Saðverjar (Not exaggerated an adaptation if you compare with: Samaritan - Samverji, Nazarene - Naðverji, Moabites - Móverjar)
Essenes (Jewish sect): Essningar