Seklingar (Seychelles)

The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV’s Minister of Finance and the name is highly probably a derivation of sèche (dry). The Íslensk Orðsifjabók mentions a 17th century loan-word sekk (from French sec) for "sherry". The French diminutive suffix -elles can be translated by Icelandic -lingar. I propose Seklingar for the Seychelles, instead of Sekklingar though, for the purpose to avoid connotations with sekkur (sack). The addition of "eyjar" is not necessary, as the Scilly Islands at the toe of Great Britain were called Syllingar in Old Icelandic, and having a neoexonym sounding similar to an Old Icelandic exonym is always advantageous.

Skarlatskikkjungar (Masai)

The outfit of Masai is often refered to as "scarlet-robes". (Google "scarlet robes" along with "masai" and you get many results). For them, red is the colour of life and they believe that this colour frightens wild animals. Clothing does vary by age and location. Young men, for instance, wear black for several months following their circumcision. However, red is a favored color. The name for the Masai Giraffe, also known as the Kilimanjaro Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) becomes: skarlatskikkjungagnæfingi

neologisms

Dýsynskt hvel: Dyson sphere (a hypothetical megastructure originally described by Freeman Dyson. Such a "sphere" would be a system of orbiting solar power satellites meant to completely encompass a star and capture most or all of its energy output. Dyson speculated that such structures would be the logical consequence of the long-term survival and escalating energy needs of a technological civilization, and proposed that searching for evidence of the existence of such structures might lead to the detection of advanced intelligent extraterrestrial life.)
The surname Dyson originates from "son of Dye". Dye is a short form of Dyonisia. The Icelandic construction is Dý + son, -synskur (a adjectival derivation of a surname as is often found in terminology: Newtonian (From 'Newton', Nýtýnskur), Cartesian (From Descartes, Karteskur)
Islamofascism: serkjatrúarvandstefna, serkjavandstefna (Vandstefna is formed after Vandsveinn, mentioned in the Ensk-Íslensk orðabók með alfræðilegu ívafi as the translation of the entry lictor, a Roman official who bore the fasces, the sign which became the symbol of Italian fascism.
Chindia: Kindland (Chindia is a portmanteau word that refers to China and India together in general. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindia )
phaser (Star Trek): Ljósbyssa (ljós + byssa)
Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging): ratljorka (ljorka = laser), ratljörvi

Neologisms

Euphrates:
1) Erkifljót, Erkielfur (The Euphrates was the river Abraham (Erkifaðir, see http://lexis.hi.is/cgi-bin/ritmal/leitord.cgi?adg=daemi&n=96206&s=116340&l=erkifa%F0ir followed up north in his journey to Kanaan and was the main river going out of the garden of Eden (Frumgarður) http://www.eifiles.cn/ge-en.htm
2) Sýrelfur, Sýr-Níl (Main river in Syria (Sýrland))
3) Jöfurá

Sarmates:
Tanapersi (The Indo-Iranian tribe inhabiting the region along the Don river (Icelandic: Tanakvísl). The term persi is used here as in the broader sense of "Indo-Iranian people".

Shaktar donetsk (Football club): Námuhetju-Tanteskja
The club was called Stakhanovets after local miner Alexei Stakhanov who, it is claimed, smashed production records with superhuman efforts that gave birth to the word "stakhanovite". This idea is still reflected in the name Shaktyor, which means 'miner'. Because Stakhanov's production record made him receive the honorary title 'Hero of the Soviet Union', I think the best translation of Shaktyar that reflects the stakhanovite idea behind is Námuhetja (mine-hero).
The Icelandic construction for Donetsk is based upon:
1) The first element Don- translates as Tan- in Icelandic, as the Don river in the Ukraine is mentioned as Tanakvísl in Old Icelandic literature. The second element is based upon the Old Scandinavization of two particular Ukranian place-names: Smáleskja (Smolensk) and especially Pallteskja (Polotsk): In this last example ,the ending -tsk became -teskja, so the name Donetsk becomes Tan- + teskja = Tanteskja: Tanteskjudæld (Donetsk Basin). Thus, the name of the Football team in Icelandic is Námuhetju-Tanteskja or simply Námu-Tanteskja.

Dnjepropetrovsk (city in Ukraine): Danparpétrevskja (First element is the name of the river Dnjepr (Danpur, gen. Danpar in Old Icelandic) + petrovsk (Pétur + evskja (compare with two other Old Icelandic exonyms for Ukrainian place-names ending in -sk: Smolensk (Smáleskja) and Polotsk (Pallteskja)

Dniestr: Danstur (An exonym formed on the orthography of the Old Scandinavian exonym for Dniepr: Danpur, gen. Danpar-. The name Dniepr is derived from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu apara "the river on the far side". By contrast, Dniestr derives from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu nazdya "the close river." The first element in the names Dniestr and Dniepr as well of the names Don and Danube originate from the same Proto Indo-European word *dānu - river.)

Dacian (people): Harfaðaþraki (Carpathian Thracian)
Dacian (adj.): Harfaðaþrakverskur
Dacia: Harfaðaþrakland

Tatra (Mountains): Háharfaðir (High Carpathians, Harfaðafjöll)

Balkan: Bálknafjöll or Þrakharfaðir (= Thracian Carpathians; the Balkan belongs to the Alpine Orogeny and was the border of ancient Thrace (Þrakland), so the designation "Thracian Carpates": þrak- (prefix in Þrakland (Thrace) and Harfaðafjöll, Harfaðir (Old Scandinavian name of the Carpathians).

Sierra Leone, Sierraleonian: Ljónfjallaland, Ljónfellingur, Ljónfellskur

names on verji

Sadducees: Saðverji (A sect or group of Jews that were active in Ancient Israel. Sounds to radical a reductive adaptation, it rhymes on Naðverji (Nazarene, from Nazareth), so I thought Saðverji is possible in this case because it's resemblance to Naðverji places it into the sphere of Biblical terminology.
Ainu
1) Einverji ( original inhabitants of Japan, a linguisticly isolate (the prefix Ein- in Einverji expresses this while creating a phonetical resemblance people like the Basques. The Ritmálssafn orðabókar háskólans mentions 'einverji' as occuring one time in 19th centruy Icelandic literature, so I guess it is quite obsolete so there will be no danger of connotation.)
2) Morguneyjabaski ('Basques of the land of the Morning sun'. Here the word Basque is used in the extended meaning of 'language isolate community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate
3) Andbaski: (Basques live, on the same degree of latitute as the Ainus in the Far East on the Western coast of the Eurasian mainland, so we can apply the prefix And- in the sense 'at the other side', not in the sense of Antipodal (Andfætlings-), which refers to the opposite side of earth if you drill a hole through the earth underneath your feet, but more in the sense of 'At the other side of a particular landmass'. An example of this is my neoexonym 'Andeldland' (literally Anti-Tierra-del-Fuego, Alaska), which lies at the other end of the Panamerican landmass if you follow the continent's back-bone up north along the Andes over the Mexican land-bridge toward the Rockies until you finally end up in the Northwesternmost part of America.
Croatian: Kraftverji (The French 'cravate' is derived from the word 'Croatian', so why can't we use the naturally Icelandic sequence of characters Kraft-?)
Cambodian: Kambverji
Sherpa (Nepalese people): Skarpverjar
Máverji: Maori
Draftverji: Dravidian
Tamlverji: Tamil
Sumverji: Sumerian
Semverji or Semjungur: Semite (Descendants of Sem)
Kamverji or Kömungur: Hamite (Descendants of Cham, Icelandic Kam)

The surname Nobel icelandicizes as Nýbýlis

To my utmost surprise I happened to find out that the origin of the surname Nobel is as unscandinavian as the very Völuspá. However foreign the word looks like, it is actually derived from a place-name in Scania, Sweden, Nöbbelöv, which is a corruption of the Scanian Nibbele (the addition-löv, Icelandic -leif, is of a later date), which goes back to the oldest, ine 13th century recorded nyböle (Icelandic Nýbýli). (See: http://www.df.lth.se/~cml/scania/ortnamn.txt ).
and http://www.sloff.se/sob/05-3/ortnamn.html )
Enligt Forslid finns det i Skåne 64 byar med namn på -löv och dessutom tre gårdar. Det är osäkert om det finns fler ”äkta löv-namn” än Svalöv och Håstenslöv inom kommunen. Det är tänkbart att namnet på den gamla försvunna gården Västerslöv i Kågeröds socken är en av de tre gårdarna på -löv. Namnet kan nämligen vara bildat av mansnamnet Westar och löv. Källs Nöbbelöv är däremot ett falskt löv-namn, eftersom det är bildat av det fornskånska namnet Kældor och ordet nybøle (nybygge).

One of Alfred Nobel's ancestors was a peasant farmer by the name of Pederson  (-sen?). When one of his sons moved to Uppsala he couldn’t have such a simple name, so he changed it by Latinising his home parish name Nöbbelöv to Nobelius. Later generations had it again changed to Nobel.
(see http://skaneland.blogspot.com/2005/05/nbbelv-prize.html )

This well-known surname luckily hasn't anything in common with the English noble and its many cognates in various European languages, which all go back to the Latin etymological root nobilis, which opens up interesting neologistic possibilities:

If the surname Nobel can be translated Nýbýlis, the personal name Alfred Nobel then becomes Elfráður Nýbýlis and Nobel Prize becomes nýbýlisverðlaun.
Compounds: Nýbýlisstofnun, nýbýlisskáld, nýbýlishöfundur, nýbýliseðlisfræðingur, nýbýlisfrægð.

The chemical term nobelium can be translated by two completely different compounds: nýbýlisblý and elfráðsefni.

The name of an artificially created radioactive element, a product of the nuclear era, brought into being as late as 1958, can be translated into Icelandic in two different ways, with two completely different words, each consisting of pure, medieval Scandinavian lexical building blocks, amazing!

And last but not least, the term dynamite can translate as elfráðstundur: Nýbýlisverðlaunin voru sett á fót sem hinsta ósk hins sænska Elfráðs Nýbýlis (1833-1896), sem fann upp elfráðstundrið.