acetylation - eðkun (from edik)

new words

Avogadro's number (chemistry): afgaðresk tala
Giotto (space probe): Djotti, Djottakanni
jujube (fruit): brjóstaldin (Dutch: borstbes (literally translated: brjóstber))
The Spirit of St Louis (Charles Lindbergh's plane): Sanktalúðvíski andinn

smyrlingsþumlar (mummy-thumbs, date-fruit)

The word date originates from the Latin dactylifera, which means "finger-bearing".  But dates don't actually look like fingers, they look like a special kind of fingers, they are "thumb-shaped'.  And they look brown and wrinkly, like the thumbs of a mummy.  The term "mummy-thumbs" actually pack a remarkable lot of information about how dates look like: The first element smyr(ð)lingur, "mummy" refers to Egypt, which is situated in that part of the world where dates are cultivated, while it describes the brown colour and wrinkly surface of the fruit, while þumlar, "thumbs" is descriptively more precise a reference to the etymology of the word "date".

pyrite (glópagull, brennisteinskís)

The term pyrite in its original meaning, before its meaning was extended to a large class of minerals, designated iron sulphide, which has a golden colour and was often mistaken for gold, hence the name fool's gold, of which the Icelandic glópagull is a literal translation.  But there are many more possibilities to form Icelandic names for this mineral:

hræsnistár freyju (the tears of the godess Freyja became gold, so her crocodile-tears must have turned to "fool's gold".)
hégrátssteinn (hé (false, as in hégómi, hégilja) + grátur)
vanynjublendi (= blende of the Waness).  In old mineralogical terminology, "blende" was originally used for Zinc sulhide, but also more generally to denote minerals that are deceiving, mostly metal sulphides, that didn't yield the right metal.  See: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blende_(Mineralogie)
Pyrite has all the properties mentioned it the German wikipedia article to be regarded as a blende: sulphide, metal-like, yellow or black, deceiving. 
brennigull (brimgold): Pyrite was named after fire, it is a compound with "brennisteinn" and was used as a raw material to produce sulphuric acid (brennisteinssýra)
Pyrite is the most common of the sulfide minerals. The name pyrite is derived from the Greek πυρίτης (puritēs), "of fire" or "in fire", in turn from πύρ (pur), "fire". In ancient Roman times, this name was applied to several types of stone that would create sparks when struck against steel.  (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrite )

Surtarjárn: Iron of Surtr (constructed like Surtarbrandur)

þolkíslungur (topaz)

There is no Icelandic term for "silicate" or "silicate mineral", although it is relatively easy to construct one.  The Orðaskrá um eðlisfræði og skyldar greinar mentions kísl for silica (SiO2, silicon dioxide).  Silicates are compounds with silica or oxidized silicon, so all we have to do is adding -ungur or
-ingur to kísl: kíslungur.  compounds: e.g. neosilicate = nýkíslungur.  The topaz is the hardest silicate mineral in nature.  Initially I thought of kóngakíslungur, harðkíslungur, but the best choice in my opinion is þolkíslungur.

Erkihúrra! - Erkúrra - Eureka! Archhurrah!

The famous interjection Eureka, used to celebrate a discovery and attributed to Archimedes literally means "I have found it" and is the 1st person singular perfect indicative active of the verb heuriskō "I find".  Because the same sequence of the consonants (RK) are found in both EUREKA and the first part of Archimedes' name 'Archi-' derived from 'archos' (master, the first) and identical to the English arch- in archbishop, and Icelandic erki- in  erkihertogi, it is possible create an original, eccentric variant to the greek exclamation: erkihúrra! or the contracted form "erkúrra" (also possible in English: archhurray!), which sound as a weird pronounciantion of the Greek word without being unacceptably unsimilar in sound.  Erki- functions as an augmentative prefix, while at the same time it can, in this particular compound, be regarded as a reference to Archimedes.  Certainly, the addition of  erki- to an exclamation like húrra! is quite unconventional, but there's no rule that explicitely forbids this. The reason this kind of exclamations haven't been constructed yet is because we have a special case here.  It's because foreign exclamations aren't targeted by conventional neologists, not because the construction is morphologicly inappropriate.  It's a matter of getting used to it. I like the boldness of these kind of constructions, its eccentricity and, above all, its UNinternational character, despite its being constructed with two loan-words.  This result is much purer than the adaptation evreka or a the literal translation "Ég hefi fundið það!", which is too long for an exclamation.

On the Icelandic version of the name Archimedes:
Archimedean: Erkimeðs- (This Greek personal name means 'master of thought' and is derived from the Greek element archos (master) combined with medomai (to think, to be mindful of). The first element is identical with Icelandic prefix erki-, the second medes can be adapted to -með, like in the Arabism Múhameð. The reason this is wasn't done is because there has never been real uniformity in the icelandification of Greek and Latin names. In the Íslenska alfræðiorðabókin, the Greek personal name Euclides and is adjectival derivation Euclidean were entered as Evklíð and Evkliðskur respectively, no -es or -esar here, while Euripides, an other name ending in -es preceded by the consonant 'd', became the semiadapted, halficelandic Evrípídes, instead of Evripíð. The Icelandic Evklíð is similar to the French Euclide and both are examples of good adaptations. So my proposition for the name Archimedes and its derivative Archimedean are Erkimeð and Erkimeðskur/Erkimeskur respectively, instead of the far too unicelandic Arkimedesar- or Arkimedískur.
Erkimeðsstuðull (Archimedean constant, the number Pi)
Erkimeðskuðungur (Archimedean spiral)
Erkimeðsvirðing (Archimedean valuation)
Erkimeðsraðsvið (Archimedean ordered field)

Saffron is the spice from a stigma (Icelandic fræni), the edible part of the stigma of the saffron crocus and as far as I know the only spice that comes from the stigma of a flower. Instead my háfrónsk solution frænisgull, based upon saffron's reputation as "gold of the spices", why not using "sælgæti" as a construction model: sælfræni. It is a phonosemantic match like ratsjá with its international equivalent radar, and it can be used as a term designating a substance.

compounds with sælfræni:

sælfræningur, sælfrænisblóm: crocus
sælfrænisgrýti: crocoite (a mineral PbCrO4)
sælfrænisstefna sælfræning: Saffronization: (a term to designate Hindo nationalism)
Sælfræna Borgar: Saffron Burrows, a British actress. Sælfræni is turned into a weak feminine noun to use it as a personal name and the surname Burrows is the genitive of Burrow, which is identical to Icelandic Borg in the old meaning of 'Fortified place'.
Sælfrænis-Valdalur: Saffron Walden, a town in Essex, England, named after the spice saffron (Walden comes from wealh (britons, Icelandic Val-) + denu (valley, translated as dalur)
Sælfrænisborg: Saffron City, a fictional city in the Pokémon series
Sælfrænisleturkerfi: Saffron Type System, a font rendering technology used in Adobe Flash
Sælfrænisklaustur: Saffron Monastery, on Mt. Izla in southeastern Turkey
Sælfrænisbylting: Saffron Revolution, the 2007 Burmese anti-government protests
Sælfræniskrókaróðan: Saffron swastica (a 2001 book by Koenraad Elst) about Hindu fascism

Douaybíblían - Dofaksritningin

1) An Icelandic name for the French city of Douai
The Latin form of Douay is Duacum, Doacum, sometimes Duagium, Duwaicum. In Flemish, the city is known as Dowaai (in Icelandic it sounds as Dofæ or Dovæ)
The city was long thought to be the capital of the Aduatucians, a Belgian tribe who were allies against Julius Ceasar. Paul-Emile pointed to the name of the inhabitants of Douai: Duacenses. Could the name Aduatici been contracted in the same way as Atrebates - Arras? It would be more than reckless to merely affirm this. Buzelin notes that; on ancient monuments, the city's name is often accompanied by the word "castrum" (Roman fort): castrum Duacense, Duacum castrurriy castrum Duay, castrum quod Duacus nominatur. Douai was built, according to Becanus, by the Nervians to serve as a boundary against the Atrebates, hence its name Dewake (Derhvrwac). Adrien Scrieck too translates Douai as Dewake "guard-place". Still, all the etymologies presented hitherto are founded upon nothing else than an arbitrary decomposition of a word. It is certain that Douai must an ancient name, but unfortunately, there's a lack of data on its origin. Everything we know about its etymology is found in the following records: abstacts by Colvener of a manuscript belonging to the Church of Saint-Amé: t Anno 665 t Erchinoaldus cum fratre suo Adabaldo pâtre Sancti Mauronti reedificaverunt Duacense castrum et infra castrum, templuniB. Mariae: hic enimlocus antiquitùs fuerat consecratus. From the fact that the brothers Erchinoald (Icel. Jarknaldur) and Adabald (Icel. Aðalbaldur) rebuilt the fortress in the 7th century, we may assume that it must have existed before, during the last times of Roman rule when it was destroyed by foreign tribes invading the Empire.
The name Douai, according to Buuet, resulted from the situation of the city in the proximity of two rivers, the Scarpe and the Sensée: "du-ac" ("two waters") in Celtic, but there is a much simpler original word that would make more sense in a situation like this: douet, douit, which was of wide-spread use, according to Lluet, in the northern languages of contemporary France. Thid toponymical element is often found in Norman place-names and simply points at a river or a canal. It is most probably from this word that the name Doué, a small town in Anjou, situated on the River Layon, originates.
Courlépée states that Douy, Duye, Douaix, Doix, Doué, Doé is an ancient Gaulish word that is encountered on a regular basis on ancient maps, with the following meanings: spring, water-course, river, canal. It is probably this word that gave birth to the name Douay, situated at the banks of several rivers. The specific record that helped along the credibility for the likelihood of this etymology, was the interpretation that was made in the "Cronicles of Flanders", assembled by M. de Smet. In it is made mention of a certain Grandris, son of Lydéric (Lýðrekur), called "Dominus de Rivière quod nunc Duacum vocatur". Judging from this, it appears that a synonymy was made between the words "river" and "Douai". (Translation of the French text on the etymology of Douay, see)http://archive.org/stream/tudestymologiqu01manngoog/tudestymologiqu01manngoog_djvu.txt

Note that his old Celtic word meaning "river" is also the etymological root of the name of the British city of Dover (Icelandicized as Dofrar (Íslensk Orðabók, 1992)), which is derived from the Celtic river-name Dour. It also shares this origin with the Portugese river-name Douro, a name presumably given by the Celtic tribes that inhabited the area before Roman times. The Celtic root is *dubro- (Modern Welsh dwr "water") and its Irish cognate dobhar.

Even if this Celtic word would turn out not to be the origin of Douai, the choice of Dof- in our exonymic construction would always the right one, because we could argue that we based it on the Icelandic phonetical adaptation of the Flemish Dowaai (Dovæ, Dofæ) or Doacum (Dó(v)akúm or Dofakúm),

The ending -acum is seen in many latin place-names of Celtic origin. It means'place of', 'property'. Its origin is Celtic *-ako (compare Breton -eg, Welsh -og, Irish -ach, same thing). The book 'Keltar á Íslandi' (Hermann Pálsson) mentions this Irish suffix.

Examples of Irish-Icelandic personal names having the Celtic suffix:
1) Meinakur (ír. Máenach af máen 'þögull' + ach. CGH. Svo hét írskur dýrlingur Maryt.Don.). Þorkell meinakr er nefndur í Eyrbyggju.
2) Bjaðakr (Stafsetning hér er óvenjuleg, enda tíðkast endingin -ach ekki í íslensku, þótt algend sé í írsku; slík ending í hérlenskum tökuorðum verður -akr í karlkyni og -ök í kvenkyni.
The Irish prefix is normally adapted -akur in Icelandic personal names of Irish origin.

Perhaps the most convincing example is the adaptation of the beverage-name Cognac into Icelandic: Koníak (gen. Koníaks). The place-name Cognac is actually derived from cond (confluent) + atte (hut made of planks), but it has been corrupted and given the same ending as French toponyms ending in -acum, but the actual etymology is irrelevant here, it just shows how French toponyms names on -ac, -acum would have been icelandicized.
This means that the most obvious Icelandic exonym for the name Douai is Dofakur, Dofaksborg (which is pretty close to Latin Doacum). It also sounds a bit similar to Dofnakur, the Irish-Icelandic equivalent of the personal name Dominique (Keltar á Íslandi, Hermann Pálsson), but this doesn't have to be inconvenient.

2) Bíblía- Ritningin: In order to render the term Douay-bible hypericelandic we must use "ritningin" as the second element: Dofaksritningin

Neaderthal (Nefmaðurinn or Nýmannsdælir)

1) Nefmaðurinn ("The skulls of Neanderthals, a hominid species that lived contemporaneously with modern humans until 30.000 years ago, have much more robust feature than do modern humans and have the LARGEST NOSES of any hominin species, living or extinct." excerpt from "Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face" by Margo DeMello) See also: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41074946/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/neanderthal-nose-enigma-why-so-big/ The extremely large nose of the Neanderthal is sufficiently distinctive a characteristic to found a term upon.


2) Nýmannsdælir The valley this particular hominide is named after was in its turn named after a certain "Neander", the pseudonym of Joachim Neumann, the Greek calque of his family name to be specific: a German hymn writer: (Greek 'nea' (new) + andros (man). If it is reasonable to create a loan-translation of a family name into Greek, what would be wrong in producing an Icelandic equivalent: "Nýmanns-", which means that the valley could reasonably be translated as "Nýmannsdalur" and the name of the there found hominide species would then be "nýmannsdælir", equivalent to German 'Neanderthaler'.

Seklingar (Seychelles)

The islands were named after Jean Moreau de Séchelles, Louis XV’s Minister of Finance and the name is highly probably a derivation of sèche (dry). The Íslensk Orðsifjabók mentions a 17th century loan-word sekk (from French sec) for "sherry". The French diminutive suffix -elles can be translated by Icelandic -lingar. I propose Seklingar for the Seychelles, instead of Sekklingar though, for the purpose to avoid connotations with sekkur (sack). The addition of "eyjar" is not necessary, as the Scilly Islands at the toe of Great Britain were called Syllingar in Old Icelandic, and having a neoexonym sounding similar to an Old Icelandic exonym is always advantageous.

Skarlatskikkjungar (Masai)

The outfit of Masai is often refered to as "scarlet-robes". (Google "scarlet robes" along with "masai" and you get many results). For them, red is the colour of life and they believe that this colour frightens wild animals. Clothing does vary by age and location. Young men, for instance, wear black for several months following their circumcision. However, red is a favored color. The name for the Masai Giraffe, also known as the Kilimanjaro Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi) becomes: skarlatskikkjungagnæfingi

neologisms

Dýsynskt hvel: Dyson sphere (a hypothetical megastructure originally described by Freeman Dyson. Such a "sphere" would be a system of orbiting solar power satellites meant to completely encompass a star and capture most or all of its energy output. Dyson speculated that such structures would be the logical consequence of the long-term survival and escalating energy needs of a technological civilization, and proposed that searching for evidence of the existence of such structures might lead to the detection of advanced intelligent extraterrestrial life.)
The surname Dyson originates from "son of Dye". Dye is a short form of Dyonisia. The Icelandic construction is Dý + son, -synskur (a adjectival derivation of a surname as is often found in terminology: Newtonian (From 'Newton', Nýtýnskur), Cartesian (From Descartes, Karteskur)
Islamofascism: serkjatrúarvandstefna, serkjavandstefna (Vandstefna is formed after Vandsveinn, mentioned in the Ensk-Íslensk orðabók með alfræðilegu ívafi as the translation of the entry lictor, a Roman official who bore the fasces, the sign which became the symbol of Italian fascism.
Chindia: Kindland (Chindia is a portmanteau word that refers to China and India together in general. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chindia )
phaser (Star Trek): Ljósbyssa (ljós + byssa)
Lidar (Light Detection and Ranging): ratljorka (ljorka = laser), ratljörvi

Neologisms

Euphrates:
1) Erkifljót, Erkielfur (The Euphrates was the river Abraham (Erkifaðir, see http://lexis.hi.is/cgi-bin/ritmal/leitord.cgi?adg=daemi&n=96206&s=116340&l=erkifa%F0ir followed up north in his journey to Kanaan and was the main river going out of the garden of Eden (Frumgarður) http://www.eifiles.cn/ge-en.htm
2) Sýrelfur, Sýr-Níl (Main river in Syria (Sýrland))
3) Jöfurá

Sarmates:
Tanapersi (The Indo-Iranian tribe inhabiting the region along the Don river (Icelandic: Tanakvísl). The term persi is used here as in the broader sense of "Indo-Iranian people".

Shaktar donetsk (Football club): Námuhetju-Tanteskja
The club was called Stakhanovets after local miner Alexei Stakhanov who, it is claimed, smashed production records with superhuman efforts that gave birth to the word "stakhanovite". This idea is still reflected in the name Shaktyor, which means 'miner'. Because Stakhanov's production record made him receive the honorary title 'Hero of the Soviet Union', I think the best translation of Shaktyar that reflects the stakhanovite idea behind is Námuhetja (mine-hero).
The Icelandic construction for Donetsk is based upon:
1) The first element Don- translates as Tan- in Icelandic, as the Don river in the Ukraine is mentioned as Tanakvísl in Old Icelandic literature. The second element is based upon the Old Scandinavization of two particular Ukranian place-names: Smáleskja (Smolensk) and especially Pallteskja (Polotsk): In this last example ,the ending -tsk became -teskja, so the name Donetsk becomes Tan- + teskja = Tanteskja: Tanteskjudæld (Donetsk Basin). Thus, the name of the Football team in Icelandic is Námuhetju-Tanteskja or simply Námu-Tanteskja.

Dnjepropetrovsk (city in Ukraine): Danparpétrevskja (First element is the name of the river Dnjepr (Danpur, gen. Danpar in Old Icelandic) + petrovsk (Pétur + evskja (compare with two other Old Icelandic exonyms for Ukrainian place-names ending in -sk: Smolensk (Smáleskja) and Polotsk (Pallteskja)

Dniestr: Danstur (An exonym formed on the orthography of the Old Scandinavian exonym for Dniepr: Danpur, gen. Danpar-. The name Dniepr is derived from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu apara "the river on the far side". By contrast, Dniestr derives from Iranic Sarmatian Dānu nazdya "the close river." The first element in the names Dniestr and Dniepr as well of the names Don and Danube originate from the same Proto Indo-European word *dānu - river.)

Dacian (people): Harfaðaþraki (Carpathian Thracian)
Dacian (adj.): Harfaðaþrakverskur
Dacia: Harfaðaþrakland

Tatra (Mountains): Háharfaðir (High Carpathians, Harfaðafjöll)

Balkan: Bálknafjöll or Þrakharfaðir (= Thracian Carpathians; the Balkan belongs to the Alpine Orogeny and was the border of ancient Thrace (Þrakland), so the designation "Thracian Carpates": þrak- (prefix in Þrakland (Thrace) and Harfaðafjöll, Harfaðir (Old Scandinavian name of the Carpathians).

Sierra Leone, Sierraleonian: Ljónfjallaland, Ljónfellingur, Ljónfellskur

names on verji

Sadducees: Saðverji (A sect or group of Jews that were active in Ancient Israel. Sounds to radical a reductive adaptation, it rhymes on Naðverji (Nazarene, from Nazareth), so I thought Saðverji is possible in this case because it's resemblance to Naðverji places it into the sphere of Biblical terminology.
Ainu
1) Einverji ( original inhabitants of Japan, a linguisticly isolate (the prefix Ein- in Einverji expresses this while creating a phonetical resemblance people like the Basques. The Ritmálssafn orðabókar háskólans mentions 'einverji' as occuring one time in 19th centruy Icelandic literature, so I guess it is quite obsolete so there will be no danger of connotation.)
2) Morguneyjabaski ('Basques of the land of the Morning sun'. Here the word Basque is used in the extended meaning of 'language isolate community)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_isolate
3) Andbaski: (Basques live, on the same degree of latitute as the Ainus in the Far East on the Western coast of the Eurasian mainland, so we can apply the prefix And- in the sense 'at the other side', not in the sense of Antipodal (Andfætlings-), which refers to the opposite side of earth if you drill a hole through the earth underneath your feet, but more in the sense of 'At the other side of a particular landmass'. An example of this is my neoexonym 'Andeldland' (literally Anti-Tierra-del-Fuego, Alaska), which lies at the other end of the Panamerican landmass if you follow the continent's back-bone up north along the Andes over the Mexican land-bridge toward the Rockies until you finally end up in the Northwesternmost part of America.
Croatian: Kraftverji (The French 'cravate' is derived from the word 'Croatian', so why can't we use the naturally Icelandic sequence of characters Kraft-?)
Cambodian: Kambverji
Sherpa (Nepalese people): Skarpverjar
Máverji: Maori
Draftverji: Dravidian
Tamlverji: Tamil
Sumverji: Sumerian
Semverji or Semjungur: Semite (Descendants of Sem)
Kamverji or Kömungur: Hamite (Descendants of Cham, Icelandic Kam)

The surname Nobel icelandicizes as Nýbýlis

To my utmost surprise I happened to find out that the origin of the surname Nobel is as unscandinavian as the very Völuspá. However foreign the word looks like, it is actually derived from a place-name in Scania, Sweden, Nöbbelöv, which is a corruption of the Scanian Nibbele (the addition-löv, Icelandic -leif, is of a later date), which goes back to the oldest, ine 13th century recorded nyböle (Icelandic Nýbýli). (See: http://www.df.lth.se/~cml/scania/ortnamn.txt ).
and http://www.sloff.se/sob/05-3/ortnamn.html )
Enligt Forslid finns det i Skåne 64 byar med namn på -löv och dessutom tre gårdar. Det är osäkert om det finns fler ”äkta löv-namn” än Svalöv och Håstenslöv inom kommunen. Det är tänkbart att namnet på den gamla försvunna gården Västerslöv i Kågeröds socken är en av de tre gårdarna på -löv. Namnet kan nämligen vara bildat av mansnamnet Westar och löv. Källs Nöbbelöv är däremot ett falskt löv-namn, eftersom det är bildat av det fornskånska namnet Kældor och ordet nybøle (nybygge).

One of Alfred Nobel's ancestors was a peasant farmer by the name of Pederson  (-sen?). When one of his sons moved to Uppsala he couldn’t have such a simple name, so he changed it by Latinising his home parish name Nöbbelöv to Nobelius. Later generations had it again changed to Nobel.
(see http://skaneland.blogspot.com/2005/05/nbbelv-prize.html )

This well-known surname luckily hasn't anything in common with the English noble and its many cognates in various European languages, which all go back to the Latin etymological root nobilis, which opens up interesting neologistic possibilities:

If the surname Nobel can be translated Nýbýlis, the personal name Alfred Nobel then becomes Elfráður Nýbýlis and Nobel Prize becomes nýbýlisverðlaun.
Compounds: Nýbýlisstofnun, nýbýlisskáld, nýbýlishöfundur, nýbýliseðlisfræðingur, nýbýlisfrægð.

The chemical term nobelium can be translated by two completely different compounds: nýbýlisblý and elfráðsefni.

The name of an artificially created radioactive element, a product of the nuclear era, brought into being as late as 1958, can be translated into Icelandic in two different ways, with two completely different words, each consisting of pure, medieval Scandinavian lexical building blocks, amazing!

And last but not least, the term dynamite can translate as elfráðstundur: Nýbýlisverðlaunin voru sett á fót sem hinsta ósk hins sænska Elfráðs Nýbýlis (1833-1896), sem fann upp elfráðstundrið.

A few geographical names

Dresden: Fagurborg við Saxelfur (German Elbflorens)

Sahara Desert:
1) Sandheimur: A logical designation for earth's largest desert.
2) Þurrgarðr: The second element 'garður' is used in the old meaning of "world" (Ásgarður, Miðgarður), because of the magnitude of the desert in comparison to other deserts.

Sahel: (Semi-arid belt forming the southern border of the Sahara Desert. The Arabic word sahil literally means "shore, coast", describing the appearance of the vegetation of the Sahel as a coastline delimiting the sand of the Sahara. )
1) Sandheimshvörf (turning point or transitional region (hvörf) bordering the Sahara desert
2) Þurrgarðsþröskuldur (The "threshold" of Sahara)

Lybian desert: Sandheimur fyrir vestan Kóngafljót (The name of the Sahara west of the Nile)

Hudson Bay: Vestrasalt (The Hudson bay, Baltic and Sea of Ochotsk are the ONLY three large landlocked watermasses situated on the same degree of latitude in America, Europe and Asia respectively. For that reason, I though of calling the Hudson Bay, Vestrasalt. If you check the world map, it should seem a logical designation.

Pinsk Marshes (Pripjat Marshes): Pineskjumýrar (The Icelandic name is 'Pripetmýrar', but it predominantly named after the city of Pinsk, judging from the English wikipedia article: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinsk_Marshes?oldid=cur and this name can easily be Icelandicized: Russian names of Cities ending in -sk have the ending -eskja in Old Icelandic literature: Smolensk (Smáleskja), Polotsk (Pallteskja). Analoguous to these formations Pinsk becomes Pineskja and the Pinsk Marshes 'Pineskjumýrar'.

Sea of Ochotsk: Jakteskjusalt (The name of the Sea is derived from the city-name Ochotsk, a settlement at the coast of this marginal sea, which is in its turn derived from the name of the River Ochota, which means 'Hunting' in Russian. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okhota_River . Surprisingly, the Russian word has the same sequence of consonants as German equivalent Jagd, and I'm strongly under the suspicion that we're dealing with a borrowing from German (Russian abounds with germanisms). Unfortunately, I have no Russian etymological dictionary at my disposal to find out. But this isn't necessary, because we can adapt the first part by the Icelandic germanisms jakt- or jagt. The latter part of the name can be constructed in the same way as the Old Icelandic exonym Pallteskja (as the city of Polotsk in the Ukraine was named by the Varangian vikings). So the last part of Ochotsk, -otsk, becomes -teskja. The 'o's' in the names Smolensk and Polotsk all became 'a' or 'á': (Pallteskja, Smáleskja) and this is a coincidential convenience if we want to use the Icelandic germanism 'jakt' or 'jagd' as the first element. The full result is Jakteskja. I think Jakteskja is the right adaptation of Ochotsk based upon the example Polotsk - Pallteskja.
As for the reason why I used salt as the last element instead of 'sjór' or 'haf': This is because the Sea of Ochotsk is the true far east counterpart of the Baltic, Eystrasalt. This Old Icelandic toponym is the only one in which salt is used in this meaning. If you look on the world map, it's easy to notice that the Sea of Ochotsk is landlocked by the peninsula of Kamtchatka (Kambtjöðkuskagi) and the Asian continent at the Northeasternmost part of Eurasia in the same way as the Baltic is landlocked by the European continent and the Scandinavian peninsula at the Eurasian Northwesternmost. An additional reason is the fact that both watermasses lie on the same degree of latitude. This ensures me of the validity of the neoexonym Jakteskjusalt as the Icelandic name for the Sea of Okhotsk.

Sakhalin: Ámár-Eyland (The name Amur means 'black river' (Manchurian: Sahaliyan Ula (Black river), Mongolian: Хар Мөрөн; Har Mörön (black river), Chinese: Heilong Jiang (Black Dragon River). The European name Sakhalin derive from misinterpretation of a Manchu name sahaliyan ula angga hada (peak/craggy rock at the mouth of the Amur River). So it makes sense to call the island after the Amur River, whose estuary is only narrowly seperated from the island. In order to create a phono-semantic match, I made use of the Old Icelandic adjective Ámur (dark) as the first element in the Icelandic equivalent of the river's name . The addition Eyland is a reference to the Swedish Öland, the oblong coastal island in the Baltic, which is like Sakhalin, only narrowly seperated from the Swedish coast. With regard to similarities in landmass-shapes, Öland in the Baltic is the western counterpart of Sakhalin in the Sea of Ochotsk.

Severnaja Zemlya: Austurheims-Svalbarði (same degree of latitude as Spitsbergen (Icelandic Svalbarði) but situated in Asia (Icelandic: Austurheimur).

Tisza (tributary of the River Danube): Þís (Adaptation of the German name Theiss (compare weiss-/ hvít-, eis - ís)

Eureka - Erkihúrra! (Archhurrah!)

The first element in the name of Archimedes, Arch is identical to the Icelandic prefix erki- so I combined it with the exclamation húrra (hurrah) to create an alternative for the Archimedean exclamation 'Heureka', meaning 'I've found it! Erkihúrra consist of a hellenism (Erki-) and a germanism (húrra), but the compound is purely uninternational. However it is possible to form an English loan-translation: Archhurrah! A weird sequence of characters don't you think?

One of my heroes

Aubrey de Grey (Greyinga-Álfrekur), aðalvísindafulltrúi (chief scientific officer) Metaldursáastofnunarinnar (of the Methusalah foundation). If this man succeeds in putting his plan into practice, he will be the greatest scientist ever.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgLRhxvRlKg
http://sens.org/

Greyinga-Álfrekur: Aubrey de Grey (The surname de Grey is of Norman origin and derives from a place-name. The name of the family then becomes Greyingar, which I prepositioned as in the constructions Hrafna-Flóki or Göngu-Hrólfur. I do realize that this prepositioning of genitive plural forms of foreign surnames is bold and radical a construction but the problem was that it solved the problem one encounters when postpositioning it: Álfrekur Greyingaættarinnar?, Álfrekur frá Greyi (too international!)?, Álfrekur af Greyingaætt?. The only true Icelandic solution is to construct foreign names in the same way as "Hrafna-Flóki" or "Göngu-Hrólfur" are formed: Genitive plural of a nick-name, a word or surname followed by the Icelandicized foreign personal name: Greyinga-Álfrekur.
The personal name Aubrey derives from Alberich and consists of alf "elf" and ric "power". Alberich was the name of the sorcerer king of the dwarfs in Germanic mythology. The Heimskringla mentions the form Álfrekur, instead of the possible variants Elfríkur, Elfrekur and Álfríkur: "Það skal eg segja yður, Álfrekur riddari, þegar tíminn til endurgjaldsins kemur.
Methusalah: Metaldursái, Margaldafaðir, Metöldrungur, Margöldungur
(Margaldafaðir is a alternative descriptive name for this biblical figure consisting of met (record) + aldur (age, gen. aldurs-) + faðir (father) or met + aldur + ungur, metöldrungur)
Methusalah Generation (film): Metaldursáakynslóð, Metöldrungskynslóð, Margöldungskynslóð
http://www.kickstarter.com/projects/structurefilms/the-methuselah-generation-the-science-of-living-fo
Metusalah foundation: Metaldursáastofnun
http://www.mprize.org/
Methusalah Mouse Prize, MPrize: Metaldursmúsarverðlaun
rejuvenation biotechnologies, rejuveneering: aföldrunarlækningar, uppyngingarlíftækni
preventative geriatrics: forvarnaröldrunarlækningar

various neologisms

Balearic islands: Skipshöfðaeyjar (THE Balearic Islands are attached to the mainland of Spain at Cabo de la nao (ship's cape, skipshöfði) by a submarine plateau. An alternative name for the Balearic islands could be 'Skipshöfðaeyjar', like the Cape Verde islands in West Africa were named after Cape Verde, the westernmost point on the African continent.)
Portugal: Andlitsland, Andlitsströnd (Andlitsland liggur við Aftanshafið (German Abendmeer, Atlantische Ozean: Google "Kurzgefasstes vollständiges" and "Abendmeer")
Nefland (because Lisboa, the Capital is situated in the "Nose" of Portugal or the Iberian Peninsula as a whole. The word 'nose' can be regarded as a toponymical element denoting the westernmost part of a head-shaped landmass, which is the Iberian peninsula)
Portuguese: Andlitlendingur, andliska, andliskur/Neflendingur, neflenska, neflenskur
Brazilian Portuguese (language): Bríslenska
Douro: Dofrá (The name of the British city of Dover (Icelandicized as Dofrar (Íslensk Orðabók, 1992)) is derived from the Celtic river-name Dour and has the same origin as the Portugese Douro, a name presumably given by the Celtic tribes that inhabited the area before Roman times. The Celtic root is *dubro- (Modern Welsh dwr "water" and its Irish cognate dobhar. This means that the truly Icelandicized name of the Poruguese river becomes Dofrá.
Porto (City of Porto): Dofrárhöfn (Douro-port)
Port (wine): Dofrárveig (The vineyards where the Port grapes are grown are situated along the banks of the River Douro, so the river can be used to refer to the wine, if fact to a greater extent than the city-name Porto).
Algarve: Hökuhérað (The "chin" of the face of the Iberian penisula. The anatomical term "chin" could be applied toponymically when refering to a "southwesternmost point of land". If you take a look at the profile of a human head, that's exactly the position of the chin.)
Iberian penisula:
1) Anddlitsskagi
2) Nefskagi (Refers to the face-shape of the Western coast-line of the peninsula but also to the idea of "westernmost land". The position of a nose and face on the profile of a human head points to the western- or Easternmost part of a land-mass and applies to the Iberian penisula, which was considered as the Westenmost region in antiquity)
3) hökuskagi (referring to the "chin", the southwesternmost point on the peninsula but also to the fact that the whole peninsula itself is the southwesternmost part of Europe)
Pyrenees: Skagaskilsfjöll (The natural wall of the Iberian peninsula)
Ebro: Íberafljót (the word Iberian and Ebro have the same origin. Íberafljót = river of the Iberians)
Galicia: Ennisland (see Not only does Javier Bardem show a different side of himself in the 2002 feature Mondays in the Sun, so does Spain. This comedy/drama is shot in Galicia, the forehead of the "face" of the Iberian peninsula, ... http://www.metroactive.com/metro/11.05.08/dvd-mondays-0845.html
Tagus (River): Naselfur, Nefá (The River running into the Atlantic at the 'Nose of Portugal')
Lisboa: Nefós, Nasarhöfn (The River at the nostril or nose of the Iberian penisula), Nasós (nostril-estuary)
Basque: Bugtverji
Sevilla lowlands: Kverkflóaslétta, Kverkslétta (The use of "chin" (haka) as a toponymic element denoting the southwesternmost point on the head-shaped Iberian peninsula (Algarve region) can be extrapolated further by calling the gulf of Cadiz "kverk(a)flói". The Íslensk Orðabók mentions for 'kverk' (in the singular form): hornið milli höku og háls, hakan neðanverð. "Kverk" as a toponymic element then stands for a region "situated slightly east from the southwesternmost chin-like point on a head-like landmass (chin)). The Spanish lowlands at the gulf of Cadiz could be called kverkslétta or Niðurspánn (because it is the only lowland in Spain to any significant extent). The city of Sevilla could then translate as Kverksléttaborg or Niðurspánarborg, the Guadalquivir river is the Kverkelfur or Niðurspánarelfur, the Guadalquivir marshes are the Kverkelfarmýrar or Niðurspánarmýrar and Cadiz Kverknes.
Trafalgar: Njörvahvarf (because it is the Northvesternmost point of the strait of Gibraltar and Hvarf has existed as a designation of the Nordwestermost point of Scotland, Cape Wrath,
Cape spartel (Morocco): Serkjanjörvahvarf (the westernmost cape in the strait of Gibraltar on the african continent)
Balkan: Bálkn (Balkan can be easily icelandiczed: bálkn, which sounds like the neuter nouns gálkn and hólkn.)
Richard the Lionheart: Gramdýrsnegg-Ríkarður
Sacred College: Kjörguðsjarlar (College of cardinals who elect the pope)
Sulphur: synonyms for 'brennisteinn': vítisgula, Surtshallur
Neanderthal man: Nefmaðurinn ("The skulls of Neanderthals, a hominid species that lived contemporaneously with modern humans until 30.000 years ago, have much more robust feature than do modern humans and have the LARGEST NOSES of any hominin species, living or extinct." excerpt from "Faces Around the World: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the Human Face" by Margo DeMello) See also: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/41074946/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/neanderthal-nose-enigma-why-so-big/
antioxidant: holdryðvarnarefni (andoxunarefni contains the loan-word 'oxun')
Psiloriti mountains: Seifseyjarfjöll (the mountain-range on the birth-island of Zeus)
Evangelista (Italian masculine name): Erindis-Helgi
Trabzon (Turkish port): Trafshöfn (Earlier name: Trapezus)
Sadducees (Jewish sect): Saðverjar (Not exaggerated an adaptation if you compare with: Samaritan - Samverji, Nazarene - Naðverji, Moabites - Móverjar)
Essenes (Jewish sect): Essningar